Consecutive droughts spell disaster and hunger for Kenya in 2018
10 January 2018
Two consecutive years of failed rains have left 3.4 million Kenyans in need of food aid and 480,000 children requiring treatment for acute malnutrition. It’s the worst humanitarian crisis the country has faced since a major drought scorched the Horn of African region in 2011.
The government declared a national drought disaster early last year, with 23 out of 47 counties affected. Nutrition surveys showed that perennially dry Turkana North as well as parts of Marsabit and Mandera counties had global acute malnutrition (GAM) rates above 30 percent, double the emergency threshold.
All areas in Kenya’s Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASAL), had GAM rates of between 15 and 29 percent. There has been a market glut as pastoralists have sold off surviving animals, triggering price crashes of as much as 90 percent in some areas.
“Most of the communities we support as an organisation are pastoralists who solely rely on livestock for livelihoods. They lost most of their livestock,” stated an officer at World Vision. That has reduced the availability of protein and milk, worsening nutritional levels, particularly among children.
That, coupled with an outbreak of the voracious Fall Army Worm pest, has seen wholesale staple food price increases between 8-32 percent above average in the urban markets of Nairobi, Mombasa, and Eldoret.
“The last 10 months or so have been one sad moment after another,” said Lojok Lekurug, a 37-year-old mother of six in Nadapal, Turkana County. “With the escalating food prices and the drought, we have been feeding on edible wild fruits, which are scarce. It has not been easy surviving."
Drought conditions have also led to declines in school attendance and rising dropout rates, UNICEF has warned. Families are also on the move, “which poses protection risks for women and children,” the UN’s emergency aid coordination body, OCHA, noted.
Needs also extend to the 420,000 refugees living in Dadaab and Kakuma refugee camps in northern Kenya. Due to a shortfall in funding, the World Food Programme announced in November that it was cutting rations by 30 percent.
Source: irinnews.org
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Famine Early Warning Systems Network
Source: http://www.fews.net/
By the way, I live and mostly move around in the light green (minimal food insecurity) area on this graphic. Much of that area is called the Highlands (plains to foothills), with elevations between 5,000-9,000 feet.
The yellow and orange sections (stressed and crisis food insecurity) are primarily the arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL) of Kenya, making up about 70% of the courntry. At 1,500-4,000 feet elevation, this is also where the pastoralists primarily live. These different elevations have a huge effect on temperature and rainfall.
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| Tree leaves and all other vegetation are brown [photo from my recent trip to Maasailand] |
Everywhere in Maasailand - and other ASAL areas - it's bone dry and beyond dusty. The dust clings to every surface, waiting and yearning for a drop of rain. In various parts of Nairobi (as well as many other urban areas throughout the country), pastoralists walk for miles with their livestock - cattle, goats, sheep, and camels - looking for a blade of green grass and a place with water to quench the thirst of their beasts.
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A multitude of reasons for Kenya's perpetual woes
- Charcoal burning - depletes the forest cover, resulting in reduced rainfall
- Rivers and water pans - drying up rapidly due to prolonged drought and deforestation
- Post-harvest wastage - Aflatoxin (mold from improper storage), as one example
- Pest invasions, like Armyworm, moths, beetles
- Diseases attacking crops
- Outdated farming practices
- Declining soil fertility (mostly due to over-fertilization)
- Corruption, weak government policies, cartels, etc.
Source: I collected this list from various articles
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| Maize crop that dried up before it could be harvested |
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Why food crisis remains a thorn in the flesh for Kenya
24 February 2018
This trend casts doubt on President Uhuru Kenyatta’s Big Four agenda of making Kenya self-reliant in food production.
The government has pumped billions in agriculture in a bid to make Kenya self-sufficient in food production, but despite this, the country has not been able to feed itself, and mainly relies on imports to bridge annual deficits.
Dr Irungu says soil acidity remains a big challenge in Kenya’s breadbasket of North Rift as continuous use of acidic fertiliser has compromised the quality of soil. In 2013, the government conducted a nationwide soil testing exercise that revealed that more than 80 per cent of the country’s land is not suitable for farming due to high acidity levels. However, enough efforts have not been made to address the issue, which can only be corrected by use of lime.
Dr Jane Ambuko, a senior lecturer in plant science and crop protection at the University of Nairobi, says Kenya will continue to experience perennial food shortage unless it figures out how to stem food loss after harvest. “Conservative estimates say we lose up to 30 per cent of food to post harvest losses, a gap the government has been slow to address. No matter how much we invest in production, we will not defeat hunger if we don’t deal with food storage including aflatoxins,” she said.
These are just some of the factors that have seen Kenya in the midst of yet another crippling drought despite the development of an early warning system. Last year, the country was forced to import maize from Mexico after the food situation worsened.
Source - www.nation.co.ke/
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| Turkana herder |
Turkana herders tell their own gripping stories of despair
20 October 2017
Turkana is one of several arid counties in Kenya in the throes of a prolonged and extreme drought. Most people in these areas raise livestock for a living, grazing their sheep, goats, cows, and camels on open rangeland. Usually, two annual rainy seasons ensure there’s enough grass to keep the millions of animals healthy. But this year, hundreds of thousands of animals have died of hunger, thirst, and disease. Read these firsthand accounts:
LUCAS LOTIENG
Since we met four years ago, most of my livestock has died, I only have five animals left. I had 250 goats and 50 sheep. They died because of the drought, they had nothing to eat. Normally, we take our animals to graze on the hills, but you can see there is no grass now.
When I was young, we could predict when the rains would come — we knew it would fall after six months. When I had animals, we had enough to eat. We used to eat meat and drink milk and sometimes the blood of sheep and goats. We would only sell livestock when we were hungry. During the good times when they could graze well, we did not sell them.
There has always been drought, but this one is the worst in my lifetime because it has killed so many animals, and the problem is spreading to humans — we are getting sick. Recently, there were showers for just three days, and the grass started growing for about a month. But that was not enough for the animals to grow healthy.
It is like this everywhere in Turkana. If it rains, I will get more animals if my daughter gets married and I get a bride price. If it doesn’t rain, I will be left with nothing.
If I could talk to the governor, I would tell him about our way of life and ask him to help us with maize. We need development, to have more boreholes so we can start farming. I would like to both farm and raise livestock.
I see things are changing and the changes that are coming make me sad. If we old ones die, everything will change, the younger ones will move away from the life we have lived. The way we used to live was good. We lived a free life and could go where we wanted.
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| Lady herding goats |
EWOTON EPEOT
I was born in 1947 and I grew up here. My father worked this plot of land and also raised livestock. Now my husband is dead and I have no sons to help me. There are only widows who work this land. Sometimes, animals come and destroy our work, so we have to chase them away.
Before, I also had livestock. I would buy animals by selling the surplus from my crops. But over the past three years, when the drought came, it took all my animals; they died of hunger, including the newborns, so I stopped being a pastoralist, and I only farm now.
When there was no drought and I had livestock, life was good. When the animals gave birth, we had milk. We ate our crops and gave the chaff to the animals. Now there is only hunger; I have nothing to eat. We receive a cash transfer of Sh5,000 every three months; I am not sure who pays it. We would like to get the money more often. People depending only on that money will die of hunger.
Earlier this year, I planted maize on this plot but it became infested with insects, so we had to dig up the maize and destroy it. Now we will plant sorghum. When we have finished working the soil, we will open up the channels to let in water [from a nearby borehole]. It’s hard work — it takes two months just to plough and sow the land.
When I feel hungry, I go and look for wild fruit. But when you eat that every day, you get diarrhoea. We only eat it because we are hungry.
If the government wants to support us, they should buy livestock for us or give us some food. But they should give it to us directly, not to the village elders who, when food aid is given, often only distribute it to their relatives. Sometimes, when we hear that some food has been delivered, we go and wait under a tree to get some, but it all goes to others, and eventually we go back home. That is why we eat wild fruit.
We may be old but we are trying and will keep trying until the government comes to help us. When the drought ends, I will sell this crop to buy more animals. But if the drought continues, we will die.
EBEI LOTUBWA
My father has 50 camels. A camel is worth Sh70,000 if it has recently given birth and is producing milk. Over the past 20 years, almost 100 of our camels died because of drought. In this drought, 16 died. In our household we have also lost 40 cows, leaving us with just seven. This is the worst drought. There is no grass. It rained last month but there were only showers.
We are suffering from hunger right now. Sometimes we go 10 days without getting food. We got some food aid once, some cereal, but we had no water to mix it. Food prices have gone up, a cup of maize used to be Sh10, now it is Sh50.
To find water for our animals, sometimes we have to walk 30km (18 miles). That’s why we beg for water from passing cars on the road. Not everybody stops. I have really suffered with this drought and hunger, and now I would like a job. It would be better that I work so I can help my children.
What we want from the government is for it to introduce agriculture to our community. We are used to raising animals, and pastoralism used to be good, the rain was there. But now, because of drought… all that will help us is agriculture. When there is no rain, we get no milk from the camels. Sometimes, if we see rain clouds in the distance, we will travel there.
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| Turkana women carry carcasses of animals they lost to biting drought near Lokitaung, Turkana County |
JOSEPH LOPIDO
I came here to the livestock market to sell my two goats because I am hungry, but I did not sell them as the price of livestock is so low. I wanted Sh3,000 for the she-goat and Sh5,000 for the male one. But the buyers, middlemen, only offered me Sh1,500 for the female and Sh1,700 for the male.
Before, when I had lots of animals (300 goats), I was a man. I paid 100 of them as a dowry. I also had three cows my father gave me towards the dowry. Two hundred goats died in the drought. Everyone in the community has been affected. Now, I live like a dog because I am poor.
Getting enough food is a problem. We are not getting any food aid. We are getting thinner and thinner. Some of my family eat wild fruit to survive, and sometimes it causes health problems.
We need more help from the government. Before, they were not selective in who they helped, but now only a few get aid.
I don’t know how I can get back to what I had before. I know that in the future my children will not live as pastoralists because of drought. We decided to put them in school, but we have no money to pay for that, so they will not finish.
The only thing that helps us is rain. When it rains, the grass grows and the goats graze. How can we survive without rain?
PETER IKARU
I live with my two wives, my mother, and I have 12 children. Making and selling charcoal is the only way I get food. I used to have 25 camels, seven donkeys, 12 cows, and 250 goats, but they all died in the drought, except for the few that we fed with maize bought with the money from selling charcoal. All the grass has dried up.
When a dead tree falls down, we dig a hole in the ground, cut the tree into logs, burn it under a covering of leaves. I make charcoal like this every day. Traders come from Lodwar to buy it. They pay Sh200 for a 50kg sack. I make about two sacks every day. I know that in Lodwar the same bag sells for Sh700 or Sh800 — but that is the way with traders. This is our only source of income.
Because of hunger, some people are cutting down live trees to make charcoal, although this is not allowed. We are not getting any help from the government — it would be good if they gave us medicine and fodder for our animals.
In normal times, to find out where the grazing is good, we send out small groups of young scouts to find the best grass. When they return we go to that place with our animals.
I think the future will be very hard. This drought is very bad and there will be more like it to come. I don’t think my children or grandchildren will be pastoralists; some will go to school. All that will be here in 100 years is drought and hunger.
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| Turkana tribesmen collect goats carcasses to burn in a village near Loiyangalani, Kenya |
DAVID NAKUSI
People come to this market from far way, sometimes travelling on foot for more than 200km. The money I make trading here goes to pay school fees for my seven children.
The drought has destroyed our business. Before, we used to get customers from Nairobi but they don’t come anymore because they heard there is no grass here to feed animals during the journey back. Now, only locals are buying. The price has come down a lot since last year, from $70-80 down to $50-60. The government buying up livestock helps us, but the money they pay is not enough.
Before, when we had healthy goats you could sell at a good price and buy what you need. Now, the goats are malnourished and sell at a lower price, so it is hard even to keep the children in school. Because of this drought, I think all the animals will die. In the future, life will not be good; it will be a struggle if we don’t get more support from the government and donors.
Livestock traders like me are thinking about changing business, like opening a hotel or selling second-hand clothes. If my children said they wanted to be pastoralists, I would say they should stay in school.
Source: www.the-star.co.ke
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[All photos, except brown leaves, are from internet]
